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LifeTein, the peptide synthesis service company: LifeTein Peptide Cited in Cell

LifeTein, the peptide synthesis service company: LifeTein Peptide Cited in Cell: Peptide library is increasingly used to define antibody epitopes and substrate specificities of protein kinases. For epitope mapping, overla...

LifeTein Peptide Cited in Cell

Peptide library is increasingly used to define antibody epitopes and substrate specificities of protein kinases. For epitope mapping, overlapping peptides are made to span the antigenic protein sequence. The antigenic determinant recognized by a monoclonal antibody can then be screened and defined. The alanine scanning method can also be used to assess that residue’s contribution to antibody binding and to determine which substitutions affect antibody recognition (mutational analysis). Unrelated synthetic peptides can be used to evaluate the antibody cross-reactivity.

Overlapping peptides from LifeTein were used to map the region of Fragment 3 by epitope mapping of anti-Fzd2 antibody. This anti-Fzd2 antibody was found to reduce tumor growth. Wnt signaling plays a critical role in colorectal cancer. Researchers found that Wnt receptor Frizzled2 (Fzd2) and its ligands Wnt5a/b are elevated in metastatic liver, lung, colon, and breast cancer cell lines. Their high level expression correlates with markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By epitope mapping using synthetic peptides from LifeTein, the researchers mapped the epitope to a specific region. The antibody to Fzd2 was found to reduce cell migration and invasion. Targeting this pathway may provide a cure for patients with tumors expressing high amount of Fzd2 and Wnt5a/b.

We have developed an antibody to Fzd2 that reduces cell migration and invasion and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in xenografts. We propose that targeting this pathway could provide benefit for patients with tumors expressing high levels of Fzd2 and Wnt5a/b.

• Cell, Volume 159, Issue 4, 6 November 2014, Pages 844–856, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.032 A Noncanonical Frizzled2 Pathway Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis

Synthetic peptide from LifeTein used for drug discovery

Synthetic TAT peptides from LifeTein were used for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. This arginine-rich TAT peptide contains two fluorophores with FAM at the N terminus and TAMRA at the C terminus.

Three alanines were used as a spacer to avoid potential interference on the binding affinity against TAR. The sequence used in this study is: (5‑FAM)‑ AAARKKRRQRRRAAA-K(TAMRA)‑C.

The Tat peptide causes two fluorophores to form a dimer, quenching the fluorescence of both fluorophores. When the Tat peptide is bound to the bulge of TAR, the peptide transitioned to the extended conformation.

 In the study, researchers have identified 11 small molecule inhibitors of TAR‑Tat interaction from high throughput screening (HTS) and virtual screening (VS). One of the compounds showed promising anti‑HIV activity. The hits from HTS and VS suggested that the HTS and VS are complimentary to each other. HTS and VS will boost the efficiency of the drug discovery.

http://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?hl=en&q=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/108771/janghlee_1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm20J8EkWT4LD8Rg3mQnJHE7mEZr_w&oi=scholaralrt

Amidated neuropeptides by LifeTein for receptor binding study

Neuropeptides plays critical roles in every aspect of life. The honey bee short neuropeptide F (sNPF) was synthesized by LifeTein. These neuropeptides were amidated at the C terminus to mimic the native protein structure. The amidated neuropeptide ligands mutated to a different amino acid could not activate the receptor. The amidated Y amino acid is critical for receptor activation and decrease in intracellular cAMP production.

The result is supported by detection of a signature peptide fragment by MALDI-TOF MS and by functional cAMP assays.

(Reference: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109590)

Synthetic phospho-peptide for castor oil seed studies

Synthetic phospho-peptide from LifeTein were used for the castor oil seed studies. The purified phosphopeptides at Serine from LifeTein confirmed that the phosphorylation can protect sucrose synthase isozyme RcSUS1from proteolysis. The phosphorylation process is modulated by photosynthesis in leaves. Using polypeptides is an important tool to develop effective biotechnological strategies. reference: http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2014/10/13/jbc.M114.585554.short

A breakthrough for drug delivery into tumours using LifeTein cell penetrating peptides

Biotin labeled peptides were synthesized by LifeTein and conjugated with nanoparticles. A 6-amino-hexanoic linker was added between biotin and peptide to form a flexible space. It was found that a peptide designed for tumour-homing with a carboxy-terminal, basic sequence motif can act as cell penetration peptide to enter tumour tissue. This is a breakthrough for drug delivery into tumours. In addition, this neuropilins mediated endocytosis is distinct from known endocytic pathways. The nutrient regulation of the pathway is a new finding to use of the C-terminal, basic sequence motif  pathway in drug delivery.

http://www.lifetein.com/Quality-Peptides-For-Publications.html

How to dissolve peptides with organic solvents

Dissolving a hydrophobic peptide could be tricky. LifeTein's website offers free information for researchers on how to dissolve peptides in polar organic solvents such as DMSO or ethanol. The website on how to handle and dissolve peptides was cited in Extremophiles. Lifetein's guideline is helpful for researchers to understand the basic procedure on how to dissolve peptides using the best solvent without sacrifice the protein activity at non-aqueous environments.

The reference was published on Extremophiles: DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0683-4

Effect of organic solvents on the structure and activity of moderately halophilic Bacillus sp. EMB9 protease

R Sinha, SK Khare - Extremophiles

Read more on how to handle and dissolve peptides: http://www.lifetein.com/handling_and_storage_of_synthetic_peptides.html

Custom antibodies were used to study SKPO-1

Custom peptide antibodies were provided by LifeTein to study SKPO-1. The SKPO-1 peroxidase domain peptide was synthesized by LifeTein. The polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits and then affinity purified to accomplish high specifications and concentrations. The antibodies were successfully used to localize the SKPO-1 protein in hypodermis. It was found that the peroxidase SKPO-1 contributes to the host immune response during infection. http://www.lifetein.com/antibody_services.html

Synthetic peptides used for identification of SOX-CAL binding site

Synthetic peptide from LifeTein were used to identify the SOX-CAL binding site. Long peptides including helix 1 of the HMG domain were synthesized by LifeTein. The peptides were used to examine the interaction of CaM with the CaM-binding domain of SOX9 (SOX-CAL). The researcher found two binding sites: the well-know high-affinity CaM binding site, and a lower-affinity binding site.

Please click here for the article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbic.201402414/abstract

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